• Log in with Facebook Log in with Twitter Log In with Google      Sign In    
  • Create Account
  LongeCity
              Advocacy & Research for Unlimited Lifespans


Adverts help to support the work of this non-profit organisation. To go ad-free join as a Member.


Photo
- - - - -

Getting Nanowires on the Brain


  • Please log in to reply
19 replies to this topic

#1 quadclops

  • Guest
  • 316 posts
  • -1
  • Location:Pittsburgh, PA

Posted 21 September 2006 - 07:00 PM


Here's the link:
http://nanotechweb.o.../5/8/12?alert=1

Getting nanowires on the brain
31 August 2006

Researchers from Harvard University, US, have linked nanowire field-effect transistors to neurones, cells found in the brain and nervous system that create and transmit electrical signals. As well as offering the potential for hybrid biological/electronic devices and interfaces to neural prosthetics, the technique could provide high-resolution information about electrical signals in the brain.



"The truly exciting – and new – aspect of this work is that using multiplexed nanowire devices we were able to measure, elicit and modulate neuronal signals, with high spatial resolution and in real-time, at both the single axon and single dendrite level of individual neurones simultaneously," Charles Lieber told nanotechweb.org. "Thus we have demonstrated multiple inputs and outputs, or 'artificial synapses', to a single neurone for the first time."

Lieber and colleagues connected silicon nanowire devices to parts of the neurone cell known as the axon and dendrites. "The key concepts are based on the unique and natural size-scale match between the nanowire transistors and neuronal projections – axons and dendrites – that allow for very different interfaces than previously possible to access in whole cell level interfaces with microfabricated structures," said Lieber.

To make the connections, the team first created an assembly of oriented p- and/or n-type silicon nanowires. Next they added metal contacts passivated with silicon nitride so that they were able to withstand the environment needed to culture cells (37°C and high ionic strength).

The researchers grew neurones in the desired locations by patterning polylysine onto square regions roughly 30 µn; across and onto 2 µm wide lines intersecting the squares. The polylysine selectively promoted neural growth and also served as an adhesion agent between the cell and the chip surface.

When a cell suspension was added and incubated for an hour before washing, cells remained on the square polylysine-coated areas. Incubation for four to eight days then encouraged axons or dendrites to grow along the intersecting polylysine-covered lines so that they connected with the nanowire devices.

"These structures can allow us to measure the speed and shape of a signal as it propagates through an axon or dendrite, and moreover we can use the nanowires as inputs to inhibit or totally turn off signal propagation in a highly local and precise manner," said Lieber. "We have demonstrated the incorporation of up to 50 devices with a pitch as low as 150 nm along a single axon, allowing for the mapping of signals at resolutions exceeding available methods, while at the same time allowing us to manipulate these signals."

The researchers say they showed that both devices and neurones could survive in culture for at least two weeks. They were also able to prepare virtually any patterned structure they wanted.

Now the team is pursuing studies in four areas: studying and manipulating signal propagation in neuronal networks; building sophisticated interfaces between the brain and external neural prosthetics; real-time cellular assays useful for drug discovery and other applications; and creating hybrid circuits that couple the strengths of digital nanoelectronic and biological computing components.

"We are currently quite excited about and pursuing studies in the above four areas through, for example, increasing the level of integration of both nanowires and neurones to create and study networks and hybrid circuits," said Lieber.

The researchers reported their work in Science.



#2 Nova

  • Guest
  • 79 posts
  • 2
  • Location:Russia

Posted 15 October 2008 - 01:22 PM

In the future in the USA the law in which the birth of clones will be authorised will pass. By this time a problem of the big indicator of death rate of embryos of a clone and a problem of ageing of clones, and a problem of compatibility of a kernel genome from DNA mitochondrion stem cages will be already solved. All it will be reached by creation of artificial chains of DNA genome and the subsequent removal of DNA mitochondrion and DNA of a kernel of a cage stem. Such introduction genome does not demand withdrawal of a kernel of a cage stem. Embryonic cages will be located in a uterus of the woman. The born clone becomes adults in anabiosis where anabiosis will carry out nanorobots fixed in the brain centre. Such screen concentrated in the centre of a brain, in the middle between a forehead and skull top, will consist of millions nanorobots. To be loaded from the person of a visual memory from the left hemisphere and oral memory from a bark of the right hemisphere in biomolecular the computer, the screen from nanorobots will be used. In nanorobots stem the cage after it will be entered into a brain of the person to co-operate there with a brain. From í nanorobots the biochemical signal will arrive further in biomolecular the computer. Biomolecular the computer, represents genetically changed representative of a sea mollusc in which there were adults not only millions íåéðîíîâ the person, but also and and millions electric cages - receptors. The signal from the biomolecular computer will be transformed, in very weak electromagnetic waves which will strengthen in the special computer of the semiconductor. In the semiconductor computer the signal amplifies. All this procedure will be, very tiresomely. After growth axons in a brain nanorobot the person it is ready to consciousness contact on the computer. In nanoorifices nanorobots it is inserted biomolecular the computer. In the given stage of a signal in the computer continues more than more than 12 hours, at this time idle time of time of stay of the person. To transfer of memory of the computer to a clone the brain continues approximately twelve hours. nanorobots from a clone remain in a clone all his life. After memory will be loaded into a clone, the screen remains under a clone skull. In an old age nanorobots will be used again, for memory transfer already from an old clone in new a clone. For this reason in second time, general time for transfer of memory from a clone in a clone will not continue more than 24 hours (12+12), because of it, that in a brain will be them nanorobots the screen. ;)

Attached Files


Edited by maestro949, 06 April 2009 - 11:30 AM.


#3 Nova

  • Guest
  • 79 posts
  • 2
  • Location:Russia

Posted 18 March 2009 - 02:24 PM

Edit :-D



Memory transfer can be two kinds: 1) loading with destruction of a brain and the further restoration of memory on the computer. 2) loading without brain destruction. It can be applied in reboot of memory from the live person the computer and further in a live body. The cloned cages, will be located in the woman and the born person will grow in a condition anabiosis. It will be reached through deenergizing of the centre of short memory in a bark of circles of a brain with other parts of a brain. The special screen will be concentrated to a site of a part of a brain, in frontal and parietal brain parts, there where are most of all concentrated neurons. This screen is necessary, for the directed growth нейронов in a brain bark. The directed growth axon neuron: 1) inside nanotubule, intended for the subsequent contact neuron the screen with neurons nanotubule. 2) inside nanotubule for the subsequent contact neurons nanotubule with the biomolecular computer. In a nutria nanorobots cages стволовые which after introduction in a brain of the person will co-operate there with natural neurons a brain and under their influence. With that end in view it should be used нейроны not as in a bark of a brain and similar to volume which are in neuron short-term memory. These made artificial нейроны will incorporate with neurons a brain and this biochemical signal, there will arrive to the biomolecular computer, this signal only the bridge between a brain and the signal converter, from electrochemical in simply electric. The biomolecular converter of a signal representing genetically changed representative of a sort of molluscs in which millions electric cages - the receptors, what number necessarily should correspond to number nanorobots in a brain of the person. In oyster do not grow neurons, but they grow in nanotubule. Нейрон nanotubule such as neuron in eyes and not such as in nanorobots with superfast memory. The signal from the biomolecular computer will be transformed, in very weak electromagnetic waves which will strengthen in the special computer. In the computer a signal strengthen also a signal arrives in a memory hard disk. All this procedure will be, very tiresome as in the beginning in a brain of the person the screen from nanorobots which within a year or ones and a half will grow under a skull. After joininq neuron in a bark of a brain the person is ready to consciousness transfer on the computer. Contact nanotubule in a brain of the person with nanotubule in the biomolecular computer connect to the help nano socket . When the loading body was in anabiosis, the screen provides anabiosis, by means of special kind нейрона, synthesising mediators blockings of short-term memory. In an old age the screen will be used again, for memory transfer already from an old body in the new. Already now probably to begin experiments. Originally probably to create neural networks, in nanotubule. Probably to start to grow neuron in nanorobots.

sponsored ad

  • Advert

#4 Nova

  • Guest
  • 79 posts
  • 2
  • Location:Russia

Posted 29 March 2009 - 08:38 PM

Gimnotovye South American wave fish Apteronotidae who can constantly and Syn generate electricity ranks. At Gymnotidae fishes Ramphichthys rostratus in one EO there are electrоcyte with three types innervation: in ventralis columns, marginal in central columns and rostral in dorsal columns which brings to generate complex ranks with 5 different wave components These neurons, large (at Gymnarchus niloticus _ 70 mkm), electrоsynapse connected cages without dendritic localized in spinal brain д dorsad, of near central channel. The development of knobby receptors in connection with functional specialization EO at гимнотовых-absolutely particular evolutional a matter of. Whereat is not expeled what дисимметрирующее action on electrоcyte accord chemical signals behaving from nervous cages.

#5 Nova

  • Guest
  • 79 posts
  • 2
  • Location:Russia

Posted 06 April 2009 - 08:52 AM

Genetics must decipher glutamate receptor on DNK. On basis of the created program glutamate receptor on DNK to create electricityneurons networks. To begin must with it.

Attached Files


Edited by Nova, 06 April 2009 - 08:56 AM.


#6 Nova

  • Guest
  • 79 posts
  • 2
  • Location:Russia

Posted 12 April 2009 - 07:38 AM

The memory of neuromediator depends on static electricity. Spiral changes electrostatic interactions of glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, close asparagine, serine, threonine and leucine can sterically prevent the formation of spiral, proline causes the bend of chain and also disrupts α- spirals.


http://www.expasy.org/links.html

Attached Files


Edited by Nova, 12 April 2009 - 08:34 AM.


#7 Nova

  • Guest
  • 79 posts
  • 2
  • Location:Russia

Posted 18 April 2009 - 02:36 AM

Biomolecular computer cannot be primitive by oyster or by primitive by instrument. This must be instrument with the complex network of neurons. In gimnotid the electroreceiving devices of several physiologic-psychological types (no less than 3 types for any representative of these groups in the composition of fish), and some of these receiving devices in the parallel they are designed into different zones of the brain. Information from the organs of electroreceiving device comes to the nerves into the dorsal nucleus of akustikolateralnoy of the zone of the medulla oblongata, and from there to the cerebellum and (on the lateral loop) to the lateral nucleus of middle brain. Fishes with the aid of the electro-receptors and the special division of their brain know how to see impedance properties in the different colors, distinguishing the capacitive and ohmic components of impedance. By the way, the brain of these fishes because of their abilities is considerably more than in other fishes, that do not have electro- receiving devices or elektrotsity in the organism. Idea consists of the fact that this brain of these fishes is simply necessary as mediator in the networks of neyronoelektrotsitny. I.e., instead of the electroreceptors must be the neurons of glutamatnye, then the brain of the fishes of gimnotid and after elektrotsity.

Attached Files



#8 Nova

  • Guest
  • 79 posts
  • 2
  • Location:Russia

Posted 01 May 2009 - 03:53 PM

Artificial hippocampus is considerably more compact than the electrical cells of fishes. Biochip with the transistors is better than the biomolecular computer with the electrical cells. To more promising use the biochips of hippocampus, for the load of memory. Necessary to improve hippocampus after supplying with its neuron networks by those resembling three colors of the monitor of television set. Neuron network is divided into the pixels with the violet neurons, the red neurons and the green neurons. These neurons to glue together with the transistors.

#9 Nova

  • Guest
  • 79 posts
  • 2
  • Location:Russia

Posted 09 August 2009 - 01:08 PM

Mikrokolonka-brain consists of 110 neurons. They are like an hourglass with one hand active and on the other hand brake.

giperkolonka-brain consists of hundreds mikrokolonok, they form a spiral color threads that define thinking person. Giperkolonki are color, sound, and analyzing (dominant and recessive)

Explanation mikrokolonok color will make it possible to study the hippocampus.
After the modulation of hippocampal downloading will be possible.



http://nuit-blanche....eos-visual.html

Attached Files



#10 Nova

  • Guest
  • 79 posts
  • 2
  • Location:Russia

Posted 20 August 2009 - 05:12 PM

Thanks to medical advances, life expectancy of people over the past 200 years has doubled.
But can science solve the problem of immortality? Obviously the answer is no. In principle, can not! This impasse direction of science. At most, that it may, this increase average life expectancy at 5 ... 10 years. The man, instead of 70 will live 80 years.
Humanity as a whole, as a civilization, not needed in the elderly, retirees with their numerous sores and a huge army obslugi, but active, efficient and creative members who create wealth, move up the technology, manufacturing, and science.
And yet, the human body cells can not survive indefinitely even under ideal conditions. This follows from the atomic-molecular theory. Atoms in biological molecules fluctuate all the time, are in conjunction with one another. According to the theory of probability, sooner or later comes the time when the pulses of neighboring atoms that affect this atom, and folded it gets enough speed to jump out of his restraint chains of atoms, or even jump into the next position (of physics say that the resulting atom momentum exceeded the threshold of energy that keeps the atom in the place of molecular chains). But this means that the cell containing this atom, is damaged and can not continue to operate normally. For example, we have the cancer cells, which can not perform the required functions, begin to multiply abnormally fast and break the necessary human bodies.
This process is dramatically accelerated when a person is exposed to strong electromagnetic radiation, such as X-ray or gamma rays, high frequency currents or radioactive drugs.
Indeed, under the action of the weak cosmic rays of the process of deformation hereditary DNA molecule occurs from time to time, and that sometimes leads to the birth of ugly creatures, or animals with useful traits for survival. And it plays a positive role for the species of animals or plants, contributing to their adaptability to changing external conditions and survival as a species. But for such a violation of the individual, typically, the tragedy, because уроды born in the vast majority of cases, while helpful are negligible number of mutations. And human society is not very fond of people stark contrast to their appearance or abilities.

The unusually rapid development of computer technology and especially , allowing for a single square centimeter to deploy hundreds of thousands of electronic components, has opened to humanity on a very different method of solving the problem of the immortality of the individual. It is based not on preserving the fragile biological molecules, and the transition to artificial semiconductor (silicon, etc.) chip, stable at high temperature variations, which do not require food, oxygen, there are still thousands of years. And, importantly, information from them could easily be rewritten in a different chip and stored in multiple copies.
And if our brains consist of chips, rather than biological molecules, and it meant that we were immortal. Then our biological body, we would be a heavy burden. It , suffers from heat, clothing and in need of care are easily damaged. Where more convenient to have the steel arms and legs with tremendous power, insensitive to cold and heat, which does not need food and oxygen. And even if they are broken, then do not mind - buy and insert new ones, even better and more modern.
It would seem that a person who has attained immortality, indeed, in human understanding of rights and nothing was left. But he remained the most important - his consciousness, memory, perceptions and habits, ie, all that lies in his brain. Outwardly, it could be the same man, and a neat appearance. For example, a beautiful young face, slender body, delicate skin, Satin, etc. Moreover, this appearance can be changed at will, in accordance with fashion, taste and ideas about the beauty of the individual. We spend huge funds for medicine. If we spent even a tenth of the money on the development of electronics, it received immortality in the near future.
But in the case of reducing the cost and availability transformation procedure for most l before his death in the E-substance (the transition to immortality) - the situation is fundamentally different. Indeed, such a transition, in the first place, will be carried out by the old or terminally ill people. And fuck sledgehammer to a computer would be tantamount to murder their own parents and destroy the possibility to become immortal.

During a speech on American television, I asked a leading question «And whether electronic 'creature completely identical to its parent, with his emotions and feelings?» Answer: «For the first time - yes!». However, these creatures will be so fast that we can not predict the consequences. If a person to study the biological sciences, foreign languages, etc. need tens of years, the E-substance would acquire any knowledge of a second (the time of rewriting them in its memory). And we know how different worldviews of people graduating from colleges and universities outlook preschoolers. In light of the fact that the first E-creatures will most likely be living middle-aged people who are at first to save their feelings to their children (to the younger generation now living) would probably not be mass destruction of people E-creatures. Which - while they live together. Most likely people will be limited to fertility or to fall due to natural causes, while living with the approach of old age will go into the E-creatures - that is, number of E-creatures will grow and people to shrink until it reaches the minimum required for small zoos and reserves. Obviously, the sense of E-creatures to the people as their ancestors, with the increasing gap between the mental abilities of people and electronic creatures will decrease until it reached our relationship to the anthropoid monkeys or even kozyavkam.
It is obvious, and another that biological reproduction is so expensive, slow and backward, that will go into the past. Each E-creature can repeat itself by simply rewriting the entire contents of his brain into a new E-essence, ie, proliferate almost immediately, bypassing all the stages of childhood, growth, learning, learning, etc. The truth is completely identical to the parent is the adult «child», will be only the first moment of its existence. Over time, depending on the received information, occupation, e-essence will be increasingly detached from its ancestor, and perhaps even when it may be his enemy, if the interests of their cross or be opposed.
Mental ability of human brain identifies it, and more precisely 10 billion brain neurons. Neurons can be simulated on a computer. Such experiments conducted by one of the world's largest specialists in robotics professor Kuvin Warwick, who heads the department of cybernetics at Reading University in southern England. The results of these experiments were reported at the International Conference on robotics. Professor has created a group of autonomous, self-mini-robots, called him «the Seven Dwarfs».
The unusual project «when» ( "Cog") is carried out by scientists Rodney Brooke in the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Researchers seek to model the mental and physical abilities of six children. Their robot has eyes, ears, hands, fingers, brain and a computer system for the transmission of information, I have to repeat the human nervous system. By this model, researchers want to understand how a person carries out the coordination of movements, as he learns the interaction with the surrounding world. Comprehensive implementation of this program is designed for 10 years and cost several million dollars.
In this laboratory has already constructed two dozen humanoid robots that are autonomous mobile machines with artificial intelligence. They are able, through the sensors to receive information about the world, to make abstract generalizations and develop a plan of action and their own behavior. Thus, if a robot leg an obstacle or get hit, it produces a reflex withdraw her back. A dozen of these reflexes to work in their behavior and help them protect and preserve itself.
Brooks said that the human brain during human evolution has developed thousands of model solutions to everyday problems encountered such as hearing, movement. This all should be studied. You can not bugs in one fell swoop into a man. That is why our program is designed for 10 years. I would consider his work was performed as soon as the build itself clever cat in the world.
Note that so far (1995) Private supercomputer can simulate only 40 ... 60 million neurons, ie it is about 200 ... 300 times weaker than the human brain. But in the next 3 ... 5 years, this gap will be eliminated.

Attached Files


Edited by Nova, 20 August 2009 - 05:16 PM.


#11 Nova

  • Guest
  • 79 posts
  • 2
  • Location:Russia

Posted 29 August 2009 - 03:33 AM

Technology for creating USB fleshok most appropriate for modeling of neurons in the brain. Modulated only memory on the excitation and inhibition.

Attached Files



#12 white noise

  • Guest
  • 11 posts
  • 0

Posted 10 September 2009 - 03:31 PM

http://forum.neurosc...30088#post30088

Attached Files



#13 thestuffjunky

  • Guest
  • 94 posts
  • -1
  • Location:kent ohio

Posted 11 September 2009 - 05:41 PM

well, i guess im to late for most of this, however, search a bit NOW on read/watch science books/shows... WE have already implanted "brain wires". artificial receptors, biological/mechanical/electrical technologies that work WITHOUT the synapses of the brain. as for NANODOCS, there is technologies that both impliment biological and mechanical BOTS to repair ailments on animals.... so if you are interested in science join me at .

#14 white noise

  • Guest
  • 11 posts
  • 0

Posted 14 September 2009 - 02:49 AM

Буду писать на Русском языке.
Каждую клетку нейрона окружает слой глиальных клеток(глиоциты), которые меняют электрические характеристики каждого нейрона.
Эти электрические характеристики зависят от того сколько трансмиттеров (глутамата) переносятся по аксонам нейронов.
Создать технологию загрузки возможно будет только при условии сканирования толщины слоя глии каждого отдельного нейрона с дочитыванием толщины аксона на данном участке мозга. Это всё кажется невероятной задачей а точнее невозможной.
Если это и будет возможно то без разрушения мозга здесь точно не обойтись. И всё из-за глии , которая является слишком уж хорошей защитной оболочкой нейронов.

Вот поэтому загрузка в молодое тело без убийства старого тела невозможна. Это печально.

Но на этом форуме это не будет выглядеть бредом,так как на нём обсуждается такая тема как заморозка мозга которая выглядит на общем фоне не менее реально, так как при быстрой заморозке мозга топология сети не нарушается, а замороженный мозг сканировать даже легче с точки зрения времени продолжительности сканирования чем живой мозг. Тем более что в первом и втором случае - это была бы загрузка с разрушением мозга.


Все остальные способы добиться бессмертия выглядят ещё более нереально из-за топологии. Клетки сердца и мозга рождаются и не делятся за исключением глии, нейронов отвечающих за эмоции и жировой ткани сердца. Нейроны не делятся из-за топологии аксонов а клетки сердца из-за того что всё время сердце в движении а значит деление сердца так же нарушило бы топологию.
Сердце заменить на искусственное можно но мозг нет. Увы.

#15 kolia 2

  • Guest
  • 10 posts
  • 0

Posted 29 September 2009 - 05:42 PM

Typically, the average diameter corresponds to the width of the synoptic slit.
The chance to boot from a living brain is. We must try to determine the width of the gap and to determine the synoptic to which it belongs to the neuron. :p


http://forum.neurosc...30458#post30458

#16 kolia 2

  • Guest
  • 10 posts
  • 0

Posted 03 October 2009 - 10:49 AM

Write signal sensors the size of red blood cells.

Sensors through capillaries penetrate into neurons and strengthened in the synoptic crack. Track the time in the activation of the neuron. Transmit the signal to begin the activation delay activation.

The computer analyzes the information by comparing the signals of scanning equipment.

The scanning device determines the location of the sensor in the brain.

Attached Files


Edited by kolia 2, 03 October 2009 - 10:52 AM.


#17 kolia 2

  • Guest
  • 10 posts
  • 0

Posted 23 January 2010 - 07:30 PM

http://www.geneforum...t3028.html#3028

#18 kolia 2

  • Guest
  • 10 posts
  • 0

Posted 23 January 2010 - 07:33 PM

Grow the hippocampus with green receptors on the membrane for the analysis of their devices. Visibility of mind reading.

http://www.geneforum...t3028.html#3028

Attached Files



#19 kolia 2

  • Guest
  • 10 posts
  • 0

Posted 24 January 2010 - 06:25 AM

"The fluorescent imaging technique allows us to see living cells do their jobs live and in color," explained Sakiko Okumoto, lead author of the study at Carnegie. "Understanding when and how glutamate is produced, secreted, reabsorbed, and metabolized in individual brain cells, in real time, will help researchers better understand disease processes and construct new drugs."

"FRET is like two musical tuning forks, which have the same tone," Okumoto continued. "If you excite one, it gives a characteristic tone. If you bring the second fork close to the first one, it will also start to give you a tone even though they do not touch. This is resonance energy transfer."

FRET is used to track the form of proteins that specifically bind metabolites such as sugars and amino acids. A protein of interest is genetically fused with two differently colored tags made from variants of the jellyfish Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). The colored tags are placed at each end of the molecule making a "biosensor." When the substance of interest binds to the sensor, the sensor backbone becomes reoriented, and the reorientation can be detected. Since light is a vibration, the same response occurs with two fluorescent dyes that have overlapping, but slightly different colors–in this case cyan and yellow versions of GFP. The cyan is excited and, if the distance between the colored proteins changes, more or less energy is transferred to the yellow protein. In this study, the cyan and yellow proteins behave as if they move away from one another when the sensor recognizes glutamate. Thus, there is more cyan and less yellow light than in the absence of glutamate. The sensors are encoded by genes and genetic ZIP codes can be used to target the sensors to any location in the cell and to its surface.

"We used a protein called ybeJ from the common bacterium E. coli. We first predicted the structure of this protein, and then placed the two fluorophores at specific positions on the binding protein," commented co-author Loren Looger. "After fusion to the fluorescent proteins, we placed the sensor on the surface of rat hippocampal cells. The hippocampus is the part of the brain that is involved with emotional reactions, and it helps store learned information in memory. When neurons are activated, they secrete glutamate, and we could see this activity under the microscope by watching the color change. We stimulated the neurons and watched them secrete glutamate in response. We also saw the removal of the glutamate as the neurons returned to normal ready to fire again."

"This is a tremendously exciting technology," remarked Wolf Frommer, leader of the FRET team at Carnegie. "I'm anxious to see what we can learn about the vast complexities of the brain over the coming years, such as the role of glial cells in the process of glutamate removal from the synaptic cleft. It's fascinating to see a tool that we are using in plant biology open new areas in neuroscience."


http://www.physorg.com/news4321.html

http://www.ciw.edu/

#20 kolia 2

  • Guest
  • 10 posts
  • 0

Posted 21 March 2010 - 03:40 PM

http://www.imminst.o...ody-t39665.html

Attached Files






0 user(s) are reading this topic

0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users