50 replies to this topic

[Ghostrider]

How come modafinil is not mainstream among competitive college students and neuroscientists?

Or any other nootropic...

[doug123]

It IS. It just depends on which scientists, students, and neuroscientists you are speaking with.

See these posts:

http://www.imminst.o...=169&t=12091&s=

http://www.imminst.o...=169&t=12055&s=

http://www.imminst.o...=169&t=12148&s=

[Pablo M]

Modafinil is currently undergoing clinical trials here (Sacramento area) as an treatment for schizophrenia.

[Ghostrider]

Anyone know of a healthy published neurologist who actually uses modafinil on a daily basis for cognitive enhancement?

[doug123]

Anyone know of a healthy published neurologist who actually uses modafinil on a daily basis for cognitive enhancement?

Neurologists probably are a group who just don't post their drug regimens online. Considering that Cephalon, Inc sold 600 million dollars worth of Provigil last year, I am sure more than just narcoleptics and patients suffering from sleep apnea are taking it.

Edited by nootropikamil, 21 September 2006 - 07:34 AM.

[xanadu]

It has a lot to do with the media. I never see articles on neuro enhancement but lots and lots of articles on the so called "glass ceiling", not enough handouts for minorities, and so on. Every subject under the sun is covered sometimes excessively except how to be smarter through supplementation. There are a few articles on life extention but many negative articles are put out to counter that. The average sheeplike consumer is lead to believe that the subjects covered by the major media are the only important subjects there are. As a result, they only care about what they see on tv or read in the papers.

It may be a good thing. Let there be an underclass of retards who live a short while and a secret overclass of thinking people who live longer and are smarter due to their diet and supplementation as well as other lifestyle choices. With the internet, humans are no longer under the grip of the media mafia unless they choose to be or are too lazy. Let the underclass do the donkey work and die young before collecting social security. The rest of us will sit back and enjoy the fruits of science.

[darksanity]

I'm a college student and started a Nootropic regimen. But I don't have Modafinil it's way too expensive!

[xanadu]

Hi, dark, glad to see you made it here. Modafinil is just a stimulant, not a noot. Stick with piracetam and other beneficial compounds. A good diet and vitamin regimen will help also.

[darksanity]

And exercice!!

[brutale]

Nootropikamil pretty much settles the matter with the observation that Provigil sales run to half a billion dollars. Using Provigil has become fairly mainstream.

But it is also fair to say that most people remain uncomfortable talking about lifestyle drugs - even as they order their own Viagra, or Provigil, over the Internet.

Looking at antidepressants, for example, one sees a trend toward greater social acceptance. One has difficulty imagining people 15 years ago talking about antidepressant experiences at a party, whereas now there seems to be little stigma attached.

[Ghostrider]

One needs to consider the fraction of people using Provigil for cognitive enhancement vs. the fraction of people who use Provigil for its originally marketed use - narcolepsy.

If the topic of anti-depressants comes up at a party, then it's probably not that fun :-)

[xanadu]

It continually amazes me that people equate stimulation with cognitive enhancement. Using stimulants will produce more activity including more alertness and so on. It may increase productivity in some situations. It will not make you smarter. There are many side effects to long term use of any stimulant from caffiene to methamphetamine.

[doug123]

One needs to consider the fraction of people using Provigil for cognitive enhancement vs. the fraction of people who use Provigil for its originally marketed use - narcolepsy.

If the topic of anti-depressants comes up at a party, then it's probably not that fun :-)

Actually, Ghostrider...Provigil is marketed as a "smart drug," an anti depressant...and more...

However, it is only FDA approved to treat 3 [three] disorders: narcolepsy, sleep apnea and SWSD (shift work sleep disorder).

Provigil is often prescribed by psychiatrists for their patients for many off label uses...which is entirely legal...

Definition of Off-label use

Off-label use: In the United States, the regulations of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permit physicians to prescribe approved medications for other than their intended indications. This practice is known as off-label use.

Read attached article .pdf from Newsweek...Cephalon expects to earn 1 billion/year on sales of Provigil alone...

First page attached in image form:

Attached Files

•  Eyes_wide_open___Cephalon__s_careful_marketing_of.pdf   228.11KB   86 downloads

[jerebaldo1]

The reason Provigil isn't more mainstream is its price. That's it. And Xanadu, I had no idea that you were so angry at the poor. Don't lump the libertarian desire to be able to make choices about drugs with a social darwinist disdain for the disadvantaged. It's disingenuous and misinformed. It's also a component of Naziism. Lash out at social conservatism and Big Pharmaceutical, which are really the forces against our ability to choose our substances and to learn the right things about them.

[xanadu]

The reason Provigil isn't more mainstream is its price. That's it. And Xanadu, I had no idea that you were so angry at the poor. Don't lump the libertarian desire to be able to make choices about drugs with a social darwinist disdain for the disadvantaged. It's disingenuous and misinformed. It's also a component of Naziism. Lash out at social conservatism and Big Pharmaceutical, which are really the forces against our ability to choose our substances and to learn the right things about them.

Huh? What the hell are you talking about? It sounds to me like you've been on provigil too long. I said nothing about the poor or the other things you are ranting about. I said stimulants do not increase intelligence. They have many drawbacks as your post illustrates

[doug123]

The reason Provigil isn't more mainstream is its price.

Actually, I think there are some other barriers -- such as:

1) It's a schedule IV controlled substance in the USA and thus requires a prescription to carry
2) It's a patented compound

[emerson]

Nootropics: Not enough evidence for most people who have been trained to look for self-deception everyehere.

Modafinil:
1) Schedule IV in the US.
2) Who says it's not mainstream. I ran from the field screaming during my second year. But quite a few people I know who stuck with it are fairly big fans. And amphetamines have long been a dirty little secret in quite a few scientific fields. It shouldn't be that surprising that people aren't so quick to give up their edge, or to admit to walking the line of their countries law.

[doug123]

Nootropics: Not enough evidence for most people who have been trained to look for self-deception everyehere.

Indeed...however, some folks, once they state their position, they just are afraid to admit they are wrong...

2) Who says it's not mainstream. I ran from the field screaming during my second year. But quite a few people I know who stuck with it are fairly big fans. And amphetamines have long been a dirty little secret in quite a few scientific fields. It shouldn't be that surprising that people aren't so quick to give up their edge, or to admit to walking the line of their countries law.

It is mainstream alright!

Emerson, aren't you still taking Provigil?

You said here:

The effects on me now are only a few steps away from feeling like a miracle in a bottle.

It's the same for me...hey bro: where have you been? You disappeared for like a month it seems.

Edited by nootropikamil, 25 March 2007 - 03:50 AM.

[Ghostrider]

Actually, Ghostrider...Provigil is marketed as a "smart drug," an anti depressant...and more...

Does Cephalon market Provigil as a "smart drug"? For healthy people or people with ADD? If it is only being actively marketed as a "smart drug" by the parent company towards people with ADD, then it can be considered a "smart drug" in the same way that ADD medications can be considered smart drugs -- truly useful to only a minority subset of the human population and useful as a placebo *at best* for the remainder. Can you show me where the parent company, Cephalon, is claiming that their product is a "smart drug"?

[eternaltraveler]

stimulants are smart drugs. This was discovered millennia ago

[Ghostrider]

No. Not for all people under all conditions. There is such a thing as over-stimulation. Some people are "naturally" over-stimulated. In many cases, stimulants can deliver short-term qualities which are appreciated given a specific application.

[xanadu]

Quite right, Ghost

stimulants are smart drugs.  This was discovered millennia ago

Discovered by whom? You have anything to substantiate that? Modafinil is as much a smart drug as caffeine or cocaine. Must be a bunch of really brainy crackheads running around since they take all those "smart" drugs.

Is a sleepy person smarter when they become more alert? I hardly think so although the alert person will be more productive. You might call them productivity drugs though in the long run that is debatable. I'll take a good diet, vitamins and genuine smart drugs over stimulants any day.

[doug123]

Does Cephalon market Provigil as a "smart drug"?  For healthy people or people with ADD?  If it is only being actively marketed as a "smart drug" by the parent company towards people with ADD, then it can be considered a "smart drug" in the same way that ADD medications can be considered smart drugs -- truly useful to only a minority subset of the human population and useful as a placebo *at best* for the remainder.  Can you show me where the parent company, Cephalon, is claiming that their product is a "smart drug"?

Technically, by law, Cephalon can only market Provigil in the USA for its FDA approved indications.

However, that does not mean that they can't spread "buzz" about reports made by researchers and physicians in the media that encourage off label use of Provigil as a "smart drug." And that's still marketing, though not defined by the FDA as such.

To illustrate, USA Today published an article 7/7/2004 in which Professor Barbara J Sahakian (Professor of Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine) stated: "It's probably the first smart drug that I've seen."

ADD/ADHD medications, administered to an individual not afflicted with such a disorder can actually reduce their IQ score significantly.

Provigil is the first drug to be accepted by the psychiatric field as a true "smart drug" for healthy people. It all started with this study, published Thursday, February 19, 2004:

[url="http://www.springerlink.com/content/ab8dmqb55x0ca7vm/"">

http://www.springerlink.com/content/ab8dmqb55x0ca7vm/[/url]

Cognitive enhancing effects of modafinil in healthy volunteers
Journal Psychopharmacology
Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
ISSN 0033-3158 (Print) 1432-2072 (Online)
Subject Biomedical and Life Sciences and Medicine
Issue Volume 165, Number 3 / January, 2003
Category Original Investigation
DOI 10.1007/s00213-002-1250-8
Pages 260-269
Online Date Thursday, February 19, 2004

Authors

Danielle C. Turner, Trevor W. Robbins, Luke Clark, Adam R. Aron, Jonathan Dowson, Barbara J. Sahakian

Abstract

Rationale. Modafinil, a novel wake-promoting agent, has been shown to have a similar clinical profile to that of conventional stimulants such as methylphenidate. We were therefore interested in assessing whether modafinil, with its unique pharmacological mode of action, might offer similar potential as a cognitive enhancer, without the side effects commonly experienced with amphetamine-like drugs.

Objectives. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the cognitive enhancing potential of this novel agent using a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests.

Methods. Sixty healthy young adult male volunteers received either a single oral dose of placebo, or 100 mg or 200 mg modafinil prior to performing a variety of tasks designed to test memory and attention. A randomised double-blind, between-subjects design was used.

Results. Modafinil significantly enhanced performance on tests of digit span, visual pattern recognition memory, spatial planning and stop-signal reaction time. These performance improvements were complemented by a slowing in latency on three tests: delayed matching to sample, a decision-making task and the spatial planning task. Subjects reported feeling more alert, attentive and energetic on drug. The effects were not clearly dose dependent, except for those seen with the stop-signal paradigm. In contrast to previous findings with methylphenidate, there were no significant effects of drug on spatial memory span, spatial working memory, rapid visual information processing or attentional set-shifting. Additionally, no effects on paired associates learning were identified.

Conclusions. These data indicate that modafinil selectively improves neuropsychological task performance. This improvement may be attributable to an enhanced ability to inhibit pre-potent responses. This effect appears to reduce impulsive responding, suggesting that modafinil may be of benefit in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The media jumped on this story, and was reported in this BBC news report.

Provigil is only classified as a "stimulant" due to its similar clinical profile to conventional stimulants...Provigil does NOT arouse the CNS or increase heartbeat like conventional stimulants, and its typically the non scientific folk who label it as a stimulant. Provigil has stimulant like effects, but its true method of action is still not understood...

As I linked in the beginning of this topic, if you ask any well established neuroscientist, such as Dr. Anders Sandberg, he'll tell you (paraphrased from Opales): "modafinil is probably the closest thing we have to a intelligence enhancer at the moment".

Anyone really interested in finding out more should review the links I posted in the begginnig of the topic.

Regarding ADD/ADHD, I'll repost what I wrote in an earlier topic:

ADD/ADHD is simply a classification system that is used for individuals that can't perform in modern society (especially academia) and require medication to perform similarly to others. ADD/ADHD classification is based on
DSM-IV criteria.

The classification scale is somewhat based on IQ "intelligence tests" -- and increased performance appears to be represented graphically in an inverted U -- on the rising scale of IQ, some folks experience increases in their IQ score with the aid of certain medications. Now, if someone already has a very high IQ, then ADD/ADHD medications actually make them perform worse than if they are not medicated. You can hear Dr. Danielle Turner explain this effect in the video linked below -- when the drug used in methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) is used in comparison with healthy subjects. The entire video is worth a watch...however, the ADD/ADHD points I addressed above start at about 20 minutes into the webcast linked below (you need real player or real alternative to view this webcast):

Nick Boström (and Danielle Turner) on cognitive enhancement, webcast presentation at the Oxford conf.
http://streaming.oii...6/16032006-1.rm

Recent evidence might suggest that ADD can be linked to smoke and/or lead exposure.

http://www.forbes.co...cout535028.html

Health Highlights: Sept. 19, 2006
09.19.06, 12:00 AM ET

Here are some of the latest health and medical news developments, compiled by the editors of HealthDay:

ADHD Cases Linked to Smoke Exposure, Lead

Childhood exposure to lead and smoking during pregnancy may be responsible for one-third of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cases in the United States, researchers reported Monday.

The study, headed by researchers at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, was the first to estimate the number of ADHD cases attributable to environmental toxins. The study was published online Tuesday in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, according to an Associated Press report.

The findings build on previous research linking toxic chemicals and other environmental factors to attention problems and developmental and neurological disorders in about 3 percent of all U.S. children.

The researchers analyzed data on almost 4,000 U.S. children ages 4 to 15 who were part of a 1999-2002 government health survey. Included were 135 children treated for ADHD. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy were 2.5 times more likely to have ADHD than children who weren't prenatally exposed to tobacco, and children with blood lead levels of more than 2 micrograms per deciliter were four times more likely to have ADHD than children with levels below 0.8 microgram per deciliter.

The government's "acceptable" blood lead level is 10 micrograms per deciliter, and an estimated 310,000 U.S. children ages 1 to 5 have levels exceeding that, the AP reported.

I don't think the only causes for ADD are lead exposure and/or smoke...but they might make some folks perform lower on cognitive tests that fit them into DSM-IV criteria for ADD. To learn about therapies for ADD/ADHD,
see this forum

[brutale]

Once more, I'd like to chime in to express agreement with Nootropikamil on the subject of Provigil.

Provigil is clearly an unconventional stimulant in that it does not ordinarily elevate the pulse. Further, I don't understand how one infers that Provigil is not a "smart drug" simply because some different stimulant may not increase memory or task performance. I would think that the relevant question pertains to the effects of Provigil itself. With respect to Provigil, we have the data which Nootropikamil provided, as well as a wealth of personal experience.

I think I'm a more favorably disposed to the racetams than Nootropikamil (i take piracetam and aniracetam), but consider the following argument: if piracetam is so safe, why are a bunch of beagles treated with nefiracetam wandering about with shrunken balls?

Webpage

My point is that there is no reason we can't talk about the actual compounds in question, modafinil and piracetam. I think we know enough to say that piracetam is safe, and that modafinil appears to enhance alertness, memory and some kinds of task performance. Are the data cited by Nootropikamil flawed?

My personal experience with modafinil is mostly positive - it provides a great subjective sense of alertness, seems to increase drive and energy, and increases impulse control/self-control. (Many of us have had the experience of wanting to have just a taste of that chocolate cake, and then ending up eating the whole thing. My experience with modafinil is that the "taste" remains just that.)

I don't take a lot of modafinil (50-100mg / day) and I prefer to combine it with a "mood brightening" agent like s-AME (400-600mg) or a very low dose of an SSRI.

So, my question remains: why is there resistance to Nootropikamil's labelling modafinil a "smart drug"? Are the studies cited by him inferior in design or execution to the studies cited by advocates of the racetams, idebenone, or hydergine?

I think it's good news that we have a variety of choices.

[Ghostrider]

So, my question remains: why is there resistance to Nootropikamil's labelling modafinil a "smart drug"? Are the studies cited by him inferior in design or execution to the studies cited by advocates of the racetams, idebenone, or hydergine?

Who said this? All I wanted was a little more substantiation to the following claim.

Actually, Ghostrider...Provigil is marketed as a "smart drug," an anti depressant...and more...

I have not seen any data regarding usage statistics for Provigil. How many people use Provigil for "smart drug" applications vs. every other use? Can you give me a percentage? If not, then how do we know that it is being prescribed specifically and only as a "smart drug"? Admittedly, I think this is a hard number to quantify...would Cephalon even have a rough guess?

I am not against preventing others from using Provigil. I just do not think it is as widely accepted as some claim it to be.

What do you think would happen if a healthy person goes to a reputable doctor and asks for Provigil in order to help them perform better on the MCAT? Let's even assume that the person brought with them all the Pubmed and all the other articles from reputable sources supporting Provigil's use as a smart drug. And assume that the patient was competent and wealthy and could afford his or her own prescription. Would that person be able to get an off-label prescription for Provigil purely on the basis of his or her intended use as a "smart drug"? What do you think would happen and why? (I am asking this as a hypothetical situation -- I don't know the answer. I am hoping some medical doctor can chime in on this.)

[doug123]

[quote name='Ghostrider']What do you think would happen if a healthy person goes to a reputable doctor and asks for Provigil in order to help them perform better on the MCAT?  Let's even assume that the person brought with them all the Pubmed and all the other articles from reputable sources supporting Provigil's use as a smart drug.  And assume that the patient was competent and wealthy and could afford his or her own prescription.  Would that person be able to get an off-label prescription for Provigil purely on the basis of his or her intended use as a "smart drug"?  What do you think would happen and why?  (I am asking this as a hypothetical situation -- I don't know the answer.  I am hoping some medical doctor can chime in on this.)[/quote]

That depends on the style of the person and the Doctor, I guess.

Let's say you were set out to get yourself a legit prescription for Provigil. The first thing you should do is print out a list of Psychiatrists that are either a) covered by your insurance plan or b) you can afford to pay out of pocket.

[quote name='http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5107']Definition of Psychiatrist

Psychiatrist: A physician (an M.D.) who specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness. Psychiatrists must receive additional training and serve a supervised residency in their specialty. They may also have additional training in a psychiatric specialty, such as child psychiatry or neuropsychiatry. They can prescribe medication, which psychologists cannot do.

According to the American Psychiatric Association: "A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses and substance use disorders. It takes many years of education and training to become a psychiatrist: He or she must graduate from college and then medical school, and go on to complete four years of residency training in the field of psychiatry. (Many psychiatrists undergo additional training so that they can further specialize in such areas as child and adolescent psychiatry, geriatric psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, psychopharmacology, and/or psychoanalysis.) This extensive medical training enables the psychiatrist to understand the body's functions and the complex relationship between emotional illness and other medical illnesses. The psychiatrist is thus the mental health professional and physician best qualified to distinguish between physical and psychological causes of both mental and physical distress."[/quote]



Diagnosis is highly subjective. Most doctors won't straight admit that they are going to write a healthy person a prescription for Provigil as a "smart drug" -- the only FDA approved indications are narcolepsy, sleep apnea and SWSD (shift work sleep disorder). A licenced MD could write you a prescription for this drug for ANY off label use he or she saw fit. That could be: depression, ADD/ADHD...even prevention of Parkinson's disease based on these studies that suggest it may be neuroprotective. I might suggest making sure the psychiatrist is open minded to writing you the prescription for Provigil before entering his or her office.

And once again, Provigil is not for everyone. Amphetamine based stimulants are in fact the "first line treatment" for ADD/ADHD, although newer compounds such as Strattera and Wellbutrin are gaining popularity and I personally think it's a better idea to start with non stimulants than the amphetamine class (which includes Ritalin, Dextroamphetmine, Adderall, etc). Amphetamines are addictive for many and some evidence suggests they may be neurotoxic.

[systemicanomaly]

It continually amazes me that people equate stimulation with cognitive enhancement. Using stimulants will produce more activity including more alertness and so on. It may increase productivity in some situations. It will not make you smarter. There are many side effects to long term use of any stimulant from caffiene to methamphetamine.

Semantics. To my mind, increased alertness is a type of cognitve enhancement. If it yields clearer/focused thinking, quacks like a duck & walks like a duck then it must be a ...

[systemicanomaly]

It continually amazes me that people equate stimulation with cognitive enhancement. Using stimulants will produce more activity including more alertness and so on. It may increase productivity in some situations. It will not make you smarter. There are many side effects to long term use of any stimulant from caffiene to methamphetamine.

Altho' I took issue with part of this statement, I don't disagree with it completely. There are substances that will produce short-term increases in cognitve (& physical) performance but can result in just the opposite in the long run. Stimulants such as cocaine & Ritalin can produce a short term benefit. However, frequent use of such a substance can result in a depletion of ADH (vasopressin). This delpletion can have a significant dulling effect on the brain.

I have not had the opportunity to try Modafinil but it is my understanding that its stimulating effects are quite different than other types of stimulants. Does it have a dulling effect in the long run? What are its long term effects?

[brutale]

"systemicanomaly" makes excellent points both about "alertness" as a form of CE and the potential for adverse consequences from modafinil over the long-term. Regarding the latter, it is probably fair to say that we don't have a great deal of information about the long-term effects (in healthy humans) of many proposed nootropic compounds, apart from, say, hydergine and piracetam. So, a measure of caution is warranted, I think. Sometimes less is more.

I'm not sure how to answer Ghostrider's questions. If Ghostrider is questioning the choice of words "Provigil is marketed as a 'smart drug'" etc., perhaps we can agree to change the words "marketed as" to "used as." I believe that Provigil is mainly used by people who want to stay awake, but this supposition does not disprove the idea that Provigil also enhances alertness, task performance, memory, etc. Ghostrider is correct that it is up to the advocates of Provigil to show that it has beneficial effects, but I think the evidence that Nootropikamil presented is at least as substantial as the evidence for any other nootropic.

I'm not aware that doctors prescribe "smart drugs" per se. If you go to an internist and demand desmopressin as part of your study plan for the MCAT, I think you will encounter resistance. The same would apply to other prescription nootropics. There is nothing special about modafinil in this regard.

On the other hand, psychopharmacologists have become accustomed to fine-tuning cocktails of "lifestyle drugs" to have their patients in "top form." Much depends on the perceived credibility and reliability of the patient. If you go to such a doctor and say, "I'm feeling anxious about the MCAT," the doctor is likely to give you a prescription for anti-anxiety medication. If you say, "I could use more energy and focus to study for the MCAT. Do you think Provigil will help?", he'll probably say "Let's give it a try."

I don't see how any of the foregoing proves or disproves that Provigil is a "smart drug." One needs to go to the evidence, as well as have a working definition of "smart drug" in hand.

[Ghostrider]

"systemicanomaly" makes excellent points both about "alertness" as a form of CE and the potential for adverse consequences from modafinil over the long-term. Regarding the latter, it is probably fair to say that we don't have a great deal of information about the long-term effects (in healthy humans) of many proposed nootropic compounds, apart from, say, hydergine and piracetam. So, a measure of caution is warranted, I think. Sometimes less is more.

Don't forget that there is something such as overstimulation. If you went up to someone, showed them a list of three words with short definitions, and told them that they either memorize the words letter for letter within the next minute or else die. Do you think giving them an amphetamine would help in that situation? An extreme example, I admit.

I believe that Provigil is mainly used by people who want to stay awake, but this supposition does not disprove the idea that Provigil also enhances alertness, task performance, memory, etc. Ghostrider is correct that it is up to the advocates of Provigil to show that it has beneficial effects, but I think the evidence that Nootropikamil presented is at least as substantial as the evidence for any other nootropic.

I am not disputing nootropikamil's evidence in regards the pubmed and other scientific research articles that he posted. Many people from respectable organizations have studied Modafinil. I am not claiming otherwise. What I am questioning is how mainstream Modafinil is for use as cognitive enhancement for healthy people. Since the stuff is prescribed off label, I do not know how to determine how many people use it for cognitive enhancement or otherwise. So therefore, strong claims that Modafinil is marketed as a "smart drug" seem questionable to me. I could be wrong. Even used as is hard to determine. It is not easy to get a prescription for the stuff (I have not tried personally, but this subject has come up a few times before on here).

I'm not aware that doctors prescribe "smart drugs" per se. If you go to an internist and demand desmopressin as part of your study plan for the MCAT, I think you will encounter resistance. The same would apply to other prescription nootropics.

Why would there be resistance if a person requested Modafinil specifically to perform better on an exam? If this is one of the reasons why Modafinil is not more mainstream, maybe this deserves further consideration, since we are on the topic. Don't get me wrong, I hope modafinil provides real short and *especially* long-term benefit to the people who use it. If I was not interested in smart drugs, I would not be here.